Vice President Omar Halleslevens, with Wang Jing, president of the contracting firm HKND Group, said the canal will change the history and the economy of Nicaragua, one of Latin America's poorest countries.

The groundbreaking marked the start of some ancillary projects in Brito, a city about 5 kilometers (3 miles) from Nicaragua's Pacific coast where the first port will be built. Officials say the canal will be fully operational by 2019.

"With this great canal, Nicaragua expects to move 5 percent of the world's commerce that moves by sea, which will bring great economic benefits and double the GDP," Halleslevens said.

President Daniel Ortega was scheduled to make remarks later in the day from the capital, Managua.

Projected to span 173 miles (278 kilometers) between the Caribbean and the Pacific, the canal would be the realization of a dream that has been studied and discarded multiple times since the early 1800s.

Last year, Ortega's allies in Congress fast-tracked legislation granting Honk Kong-based HKND a 50-year concession, renewable for another 50, to build and operate a canal in return for a payment of $10 million a year once it's up and running. The law lets HKND develop ancillary projects '€” ports, an airport, roads, a railway '€” even if the canal doesn't get built.

Thousands of Nicaraguans have protested in the lead-up, fearing their land will be taken without fair compensation.

"We're not going to allow them to kick us out of our property. We're ready to die before we give our property to the Chinese," said Orlando Ocampo, who leads the farmers in Tule, a municipality about 250 kilometers (150 miles) southeast of Managua on the Caribbean side of the canal route.

Environmentalists accuse the government of ramrodding the studies and ignoring the threat that they say cargo traffic will pose to Lake Nicaragua, the country's main source of fresh water.

HKND hired the respected U.K.-based consulting firm Environmental Resources Management about a year ago to assess the environmental and social impact of a project that is expected to displace 29,000 people. In late July, just two weeks after HKND announced its preferred route for the canal, ERM held community meetings in seven cities over 10 days, according to a document on HKND's website.

Some who attended the sessions left feeling they were merely being told what was going to happen rather than asked for input. Those who asked how much they would be paid for their lands were told only that officials would go door-to-door to inform them.

In a statement sent to The Associated Press on Monday, ERM declined to discuss the content of the studies, saying the work is ongoing and it would be premature to do so. HKND said in November they were complete.

ERM added that a wide range of experts from ecologists and economists to social scientists and climate change experts were involved, thousands of people and households were surveyed and more consultations will be held with indigenous people and communities that stand to be affected.

"Like any independently prepared ESIA (environmental and social impact assessment), our deliverables will not include a recommendation for whether the canal project should or should not proceed," ERM said. "That is not the purpose of an ESIA."

The Cocibolca Group, a collection of Nicaraguan environmental interests, issued a statement Monday calling it irresponsible to start construction before the completed environmental and social impact reports are in hand.

"This is contrary to the most basic environmental practices and national and international standards, and threatens the living conditions of the indigenous and communities of African descent, as well as the entire population of the country," the statement said. (***)

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