The six-day haj, which starts on Sunday, is one of the five pillars of Islam, an act all Muslims must perform at least once if they have the means to travel to Saudi Arabia.

Most of the world's Muslims do not speak Arabic -- Indonesia is home to the largest Muslim community by population, while tens of millions of the faithful are native speakers of Urdu.

In all, 80 percent of pilgrims to the western Saudi city of Mecca are non-Arabic speakers, according to Mazen al-Saadi of the official hajj translation bureau.

His team provides 24/7 interpretation services in English, French, Farsi, Malay, Hausa, Turkish, Chinese and Urdu -- the most widely spoken language among hajj pilgrims.

For Samir Varatchia, who made the trip to Mecca from France's Indian Ocean island of Reunion, the men in grey vests -- the uniform of the official hajj translation team -- are a welcome sight.

"I really don't know much Arabic," Varatchia told AFP. 

"The French translation will help us understand things, including the sermons."

Indispensable

Tunisian interpreter Abdulmumen al-Saket is happy to help, fielding frequent requests for his phone number. 

"We try to help as much as we can, even with reading the maps," he said.

"Some ask for our personal phone numbers, to call us later if they need help," he added.

Pilgrims come to Mecca from across the world, including India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Many speak only Urdu, Saadi said.

Many of the signs directing pilgrims are translated into English, Urdu and in some cases, French.

Mecca's Grand Mosque provides a range of translation and interpreting services to pilgrims.

Specialist departments deal with sermons and rulings, and a hotline is available in dozens of languages to answer religious questions.

But for practical matters, Saadi's 80-strong team is indispensible.

The department has been in place for four years, he said, and is being continuously expanded to deal with rising demand.

"Most (pilgrims) don't speak Arabic and are afraid to ask in the event of an accident," Sanaullah Ghuri, an Indian translator, told AFP in Arabic.

A deadly stampede in 2015 left more than 2,000 pilgrims dead in Mina, the Mecca neighbourhood where the symbolic stoning of the devil ritual takes place during hajj.

Many pilgrims were unable to understand security forces' instructions, delivered in Arabic.

'They feel more comfortable'

The hajj presents Saudi authorities with vast logistical challenges.

Islam is currently the world's fastest-growing religion, according to the Pew Research Center, which says the number of Muslims in the world is expected to rise from 1.8 billion in 2015 to three billion in 2060.

The hajj sees millions of pilgrims visit the country, all clad in white, to perform rituals in Mecca's Grand Mosque and on the Mount Arafat plain east of Mecca.

It ends with Eid al-Adha, a three-day feast which starts with the "stoning of the devil".

Saudi Arabia, one of the world's most restrictive countries, has recently embarked on an ambitious reform programme spearheaded by the powerful young Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

That has included pumping millions of dollars into high-tech initiatives.

Providing services for two million pilgrims is no small feat, and authorities are pushing a "smart hajj" initiative this year to meet the rising demand. 

That includes apps providing information on emergency medical services and geographic guides to Mecca and Mina, the two cities home to Islam's holiest sites. 

One app will also translate hajj sermons into five languages. 

But the Indian translator, Ghuri, said the presence of real-life interpreters made the experience of hajj easier for pilgrims.

"When they see someone speaking their language, they feel more comfortable seeking help," he said.

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