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recent report analysing all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, IDX, for which annual reports were available, found that female members only made up 11.6 percent of the boards in 2011.

While the study by the Centre for Governance, Institutions and Organisations of the National University of Singapore'€™s (NUS) Business School, revealed that Indonesia is still ahead of the other Asian countries, this lack of gender balance is worrying.

In this modern era, especially when gender equality and boardroom representation of women have been in focus, one would expect more female leaders to be promoted and represented at the management and board level.

After all, a recent McKinsey study found that advancing women'€™s equality can add US$12 trillion to global growth.

In the larger business environment, there may still be an inadvertent bias against women because of their previous jobs and assignments despite promotions being based on merit.

Promotions are based on a supervisor'€™s evaluation of what we could call '€œpromotability'€. While individuals are promoted in part because they performed well in their current jobs, they also move up after having undertaken challenging tasks.

Individuals with challenging job experiences tend to be viewed as more capable, more willing to make the effort, and more ambitious to reach higher-level positions.

Challenging assignments provide opportunities to learn, which are likely to result in the development of a wide range of skills, abilities, insights, knowledge and values that contribute towards effective management skills, and hence, career success.

Often, however, the underlying assumption is that individuals initiate and choose to take on such challenging job assignments.

But why would that be the case? What if such job tasks are assigned by supervisors, who are not gender blind in their assignments? Would this affect promotability?

First, research does show that men and women differ in how they approach challenging tasks.

Women are, indeed, less inclined to take up challenging tasks than men because they likely want to avoid failure.
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Male supervisors allocate more challenging tasks to male, rather than female employees '€” a form of subtle gender discrimination

Men are more willing to take up such tasks because they want to show what they can do.

This is a difference that could stem from upbringing '€” parents cheer a son when he is active or perhaps climbing up a tree; but would caution a daughter to be careful and instead come down from that tree.

Such differences in upbringing affect one'€™s willingness to take on challenging tasks as adults.

Of course, there are the women who are eager to take on challenges. However, they face obstacles as research has also shown that supervisors are more inclined to allocate less challenging tasks to female employees, regardless of their ambition and job performance.

Delegating assignments to employees involves risks, and to reduce such risks, managers often delegate difficult tasks to those whom they trust to do well '€” specifically, subordinates who are like them, are perceived to be similar to them, and hence, more trustworthy and capable.

As most higher positions are occupied by men, they see male subordinates as more similar to themselves than female subordinates.

As such, male supervisors allocate more challenging tasks to male, rather than female employees '€” a form of subtle gender discrimination that they may not even be aware of.

In short, we are in a situation where women may both avoid and be denied important developmental opportunities, which in turn hamper their chances of promotion and career advancement.

It is worth saying again that to stay competitive, firms must capitalize on all valuable resources, including talented male and female employees.

Women'€™s failure to advance can be costly and shortsighted. There may be lost productivity and high turnover rates because women feel blocked in their careers.

Particularly, we need to ensure that managers overcome supervisory gender biases. They should be encouraged to assign challenging work equally to their male and female subordinates.

Women should also be made aware of their propensity to take up less challenging tasks and the adverse consequences these have on their careers.

Parents should also be mindful in how they bring up their children. Both sons and daughters should be encouraged to go for challenging tasks.

While many argue that there is a scarcity of professionally qualified women to fill positions in the boardroom, the reverse is also true.

If Indonesia Inc. wants to give itself a competitive edge, it needs to equip and empower its women.

After all, global studies have revealed that companies with greater gender diversity are characterized by better leadership, accountability, innovation, operational efficiency and a motivational work culture; and more importantly, they do better financially.
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The writer is assistant professor of management and organization at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School.