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Kashmir – One year after abrogation of Article 370
Bringing the state under central rule has, for the time being at least, put an end to the chaos and given a sense of direction to J&K.
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“What’s in a name?” I, like many Kashmiris, spent the last twelve months contemplating the various shades of this Shakespearean thought.
Kashmir has seen four wars and more than three decades of insurgency and civil strife, at the core of which is this very question – the question of identity. Who understands, better than us, the cost that populations paid for focusing narrowly on trying to define their idea of collective identity superseding the complex quagmire of identities that each individual or a sub-group is!
After all, identity is a part of one’s being not the end or wholeness of it. There are questions bigger than, more immediate and more relevant than the question of identity – the issues of aspirations, material achievements, livelihood, economic and social development; education, healthcare, justice, connectivity opportunities and accessibility. The last one year has seen a sudden shift in focus on these facets of our lives stunning us out of our atrophy.
On Aug. 5, 2019, central government in India amended Article 370 of the Constitution of India; removed Article 35A; divided the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two parts; and changed the status of J&K to that of a centrally administered Union Territory. Article 370 was the constitutional window through which the Constitution was applied to J&K.
Critics of the move allege that the constitutional amendment is a majoritarian move by the Hindu majority of India. But if you look at it closely, it was in J&K that majoritarian thrust was being enforced using Article 370 as a screen.
Article 35A was a provision introduced by the erstwhile Maharaja of J&K (long before the accession of J&K to India) to preserve feudal/patriarchal values of the time. Article 370 itself is gender neutral, but the way permanent residents were defined in the state constitution based on the notifications issued in April 1927 and June 1932 during the Maharaja’s rule were biased against women.
The 1927 notification included an explanatory note said “The wife or a widow of the state subject shall acquire the status of her husband as state subject of the same class as her husband, so long as he resides in the state and does not leave the state for permanent residence outside the state.” This was widely interpreted as also suggesting that a woman from Jammu and Kashmir who marries outside the state would lose her status as a state subject and hence her rights to ownership and inheritance of property.
It was a strange time one year ago. The credibility of mainstream political parties in J&K was at all time low in valley due to their ineffective governance and dynastic succession while separatist leaders were seen as self-serving puppets of Pakistan.
The insurgents who died did get gatherings at their funerals, but it was more of an expression of the stoic resignation of the people; and these funerals were happening also often – a marker of the futility of this path.
Bringing the state under central rule has, for the time being at least, put an end to the chaos and given a sense of direction to J&K – an alternative path, a new set of goals and novelty in public discourse.
Whether it is its zeal to convince the population about the honesty of its intentions or an overdrive to correct what it saw as wrongs of the past, the government and local administration launched an outreach drive conducting hundreds of public meetings and sending senior officers camping in villages. Village and town level local governance bodies known as Panchayati Raj institutions were activated by conducting local and urban body elections (with good participation).
It was for the first-time that Panchayati Raj institutions were empowered to carry out their mandated development work as per 73rd Constitutional Amendment which devolved substantial powers to local bodies all over India but not in J&K due to Article 370/35A.
One of the factors responsible for the economic lagging of J&K (other than violence, radicalism and insurgency) despite its enormous potential was the fact that Article 370 made investment from other states in India into J&K difficult. After the amendment, a Global Investment Summit was organized in which 168 MOU’s worth 136 billion rupee (US$1.8 billion) were signed. If materialised, it could change the world view of the local youth, who is caught in the unending spiral of funerals, propaganda, extremism, stone pelting, unemployment, recruitment and funerals.
Health and education infrastructure has seen operationalization of 50 new degree colleges and seven new medical colleges. Implementation of power sector reforms with setting up of power corporations and new power projects; award of geographic indicator status to Kashmiri saffron; strengthening of road and rail connectivity through commencement of work of major highway projects; finalization of light rail transit system; conduct of first Khelo India winter sports in the resort town of Gulmarg with country wide participation can all be accredited to central government’s drive to present the people of J&K with an alternative to their existing situation.
Economic growth cannot happen in a closed environment in today’s world. Hence open minds and open market will ensure that the youth of the region are put in on a path of greater progress. The constitutional integration of J&K with India also gives a boost to investment, innovation, income and employment.
However, opportunities thrown up by the abrogation are also being used by local elite political class to facilitate corruption, and to incite sentiments to generate soft separatism and political violence so as to create a constituency on which they can piggy bag to milk the government of India and its agencies.
Government policy must be reviewed regularly by continuing and further developing its comprehensive program of public outreach. Administration must remain on its toes to ensure that the radical fundamentalists, terrorist tanzeems and their backers across the line of control don’t take advantage of situation while simultaneously engaging with political actors, civil society and other stakeholders in J&K.
The people of J&K need this hiatus to last for some time at least so that they can have a calm look at the new order before them – an order that prioritizes needs and issues closer to them. After all “What’s in a name?”
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The writer is head of Centre for Peace and Justice, a non-profit organization working with the youth in Kashmir, with a master’s in Conflict Studies and International Relations from Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi.
