Moscow quickly hit back that the accusations were "unacceptable" and amounted to "blackmail".

The European powers have repeatedly asked Moscow to shed light on the poisoning which took place on Russian soil, but "no credible explanation has been provided by Russia so far", according to a joint statement issued by the German and French foreign ministers.

"In this context, we consider that there is no other plausible explanation for Mr Navalny's poisoning than Russian involvement and responsibility," they said.

Berlin has until now only urged Moscow to investigate the case, but stopped short of making a direct accusation against President Vladimir Putin's government.

Britain's foreign secretary Dominic Raab also accused Moscow of involvement, adding that London would work with international partners to "take forward sanctions targeting Russian officials and others".

Russian foreign ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova shot back, accusing France and Germany of "threats and attempts to blackmail us".

"The declaration of the two ministers, unacceptable in content and tone, signals Paris and Berlin's categorical lack of desire to consider the facts," she said in a statement.

The sharpened tone from the European powers came a day after the UN's chemical weapons watchdog OPCW confirmed Germany, France and Sweden's finding that the Russian opposition leader was poisoned by a nerve agent of the Soviet-developed Novichok group.

Paris and Berlin said they will push for EU sanctions targeting "individuals deemed responsible for this crime and breach of international norms, based on their official function, as well as an entity involved in the Novichok program".

Earlier Wednesday, Germany's Foreign Minister Heiko Maas had set the stage for the move, telling German lawmakers that sanctions against Russia would be "unavoidable" unless Moscow cleared up the case.

"A serious violation of international law was perpetrated with a chemical warfare agent, and something like that cannot remain without consequences," he said.

Navalny was flown to Germany for treatment in late August after falling ill on a plane and spending several days in a Siberian hospital.

He was discharged after just over a month in Berlin's Charite hospital and has vowed to return to Russia to resume his opposition campaign when he is fully recovered.

Russia has rejected the allegations, lashing out on Tuesday at a "conspiratorial scenario" planned in advance.

The case has plunged Russia's relations with Germany to a new low, just a year after a murder in a central Berlin park that German prosecutors say was ordered by Moscow.

The trial of a Russian suspect in the killing opened on Wednesday.

The brazen murder in the heart of the German capital appeared to be a tipping point for Chancellor Angela Merkel, who said in May the killing "disrupts a cooperation of trust" between Berlin and Moscow.

Merkel has always stressed the importance of keeping dialogue open with Putin, but she has toughened up her tone in recent months.

With tensions running high, calls have grown for Berlin to scrap a controversial 10-billion-euro ($12 billion) pipeline project, which is set to double Russian natural gas shipments to Germany.

Asked during the parliamentary question-time if the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project could be hit, Maas said that "after the discussions we had, it is most likely for the EU to find agreement on a list of people" on whom sanctions would be imposed.

Navalny, 44, who is recovering in Berlin, has also urged the European Union to take action including entry bans against key figures in or backing Putin's government.

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