Rajoelina named Major General Ruphin Fortunat Dimbisoa Zafisambo as head of government late Monday in a bid to quell anti-government unrest that has claimed 22 lives, according to a toll from the United Nations that is disputed by local authorities.

The day after the announcement, around 200 people gathered for a fresh demonstration in the capital, some telling AFP they did not see the change as a sign that Rajoelina was genuinely ready to tackle their demands.

"The president wants to convey that this is military power and civilians must stay in line," said Princia Rakotontraibe, a medical intern at the protest.

The opposition on Tuesday denounced the premier's appointment as an expression of "utter contempt for the struggle of the Malagasy people".

The protests were ignited on September 25 by anger over persistent power and water shortages, and grew into a broader anti-government movement that at one point demanded Rajoelina's resignation.

He sacked his entire government in response last week, and on Tuesday announced the three first ministers of his new government, overseeing the armed forces, public security and the gendarmerie.

The country "no longer needs disruption but peace", he said.

The Gen Z Mada group leading the movement of about 20 groups issued Rajoelina with a written list of demands at the weekend that included a public apology for the violence against protesters.

But it did not mention previous calls for him to step down. 

They gave the government until Wednesday night to act, threatening to otherwise call a national general strike.

Rajoelina has called a public meeting at the presidential palace the same afternoon. "It will be possible to directly ask questions and freely express your concerns to the president," the announcement said.

Other Gen Z demands are an overhaul of the Constitutional Court and the dissolution of the Senate or at least the removal of its president, Richard Ravalomanana, a former police general. 

It rejected in a statement Monday "all attempts at political diversion, notably the appointment of a new prime minister".

The shift away from demanding that the president quit was in response to concerns about destabilizing the country, some protesters said.

With his resignation or a coup, "instability and chaos are the most likely outcomes", political scientist Ketakandriana Rafitoson told AFP. 

The protesters' demands "provide a clear direction for the political aftermath of the crisis", she said. "They are no longer limited to challenging the established order."

"Changing the president halfway won't make a difference," said Rakotontraibe, the 26-year-old medical intern, before a volley of tear gas dispersed the protesters.

Madagascar has already been through similar situations in 1972, 2002 and in 2009 -- when Rajoelina was appointed interim president by the military following a popular uprising.

The impoverished Indian Ocean island -- where nearly three-quarters of the population of 32 million lived below the poverty line in 2022, according to the World Bank -- has a long history of military rule.

"If the new prime minister manages to maintain unity within the armed forces, the protesters could languish in the streets for several months," said Adrien Ratsimbaharison, who authored a book on Madagascar's 2009 political crisis.

According to analysts, the public perception of the military -- from which the new premier hails -- was less hostile than towards the police. 

"It is primarily the gendarmerie and police that have played a central role in managing the protests. This has been widely criticized," said Rafitoson.

But protester Daudet Santatriniaina, 41, was still not convinced by the choice of new prime minister. "It's the same as always," he said. "I do not trust the military."