Researchers said these observations show an emerging galaxy cluster containing at least 66 potential member galaxies, with a total cluster mass of about 20 trillion stars the size of our sun, dating to about one billion years after the Big Bang event that initiated the universe roughly 13.8 billion years ago.

Galaxy clusters are among the largest structures in the cosmos and were thought to have needed much more time to come together in the early universe. Our Milky Way is part of a galaxy cluster.

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"A galaxy cluster is, as the name suggests, an assembly of galaxies, typically hundreds to several thousands. These galaxies are embedded in a halo of hot gas heated to millions of degrees, and the whole system is bound together by dark matter," said astrophysicist Akos Bogdan of the Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature.

Dark matter, which does not emit or reflect light, represents about 85 percent of the universe's matter. Ordinary matter, like stars, planets and everything else that is visible, accounts for the rest.

Scientists infer the existence of dark matter based on the gravitational effects it exerts on a large scale such as how galaxy clusters are held together.

Spotting a nascent galaxy cluster that was beginning to reach maturity when the universe was roughly 7 percent its current age was a surprise to scientists. They said the structure, which they called a protocluster, exhibited all the signatures of a mature galaxy cluster such as the halo of superheated gas and a centrally peaked brightness distribution in X-ray emissions.

Under most models, the universe should not have been at a mature enough state with a sufficient density of galaxies for an emerging galaxy cluster of this size to form at this early juncture in its history. Until now, the earliest similar structure observed dated to about three billion years post-Big Bang.

"Our findings provide further evidence for a more rapid growth of cosmic structure than is predicted by current cosmological models," said astrophysicist and study co-author Gerrit Schellenberger of the Center for Astrophysics.

"Together with the recent James Webb Space Telescope discoveries of unexpectedly luminous galaxies in the early universe, as well as supermassive black holes already in place just 500 million years after the Big Bang, our results strengthen the case that key elements of our understanding of the universe may be incomplete," Schellenberger said.

Since Webb was launched in 2021 and became operational in 2022, its observations have revolutionized the understanding of the early universe, showing how things got off to a much quicker start than previously believed.

The galaxies of the protocluster were found using Webb. The X-ray emission from the protocluster was confirmed using the Chandra observatory.

"The combination of Chandra and Webb observations provides a uniquely powerful window into the early universe, enabling transformative discoveries," Schellenberger said.

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