The New York Times reported Facebook had struck deals with device manufacturers that allowed them full access to information on users and their friends. But the U.S. company contends those pacts were intended to help device makers create their own versions of Facebook apps, and the data mostly remained on phones that accessed it. That kind of arrangement was necessary before phone operating systems relied on app stores, it added.

Facebook and other internet companies are grappling with a global backlash over the extent to which they hoover up and handle user data. The New York Times said the vast amounts of information shared with Apple Inc. and other phone-makers included data on users’ friends that had supposedly barred access.

Facebook said it had begun dismantling pacts with device makers dating back as much as a decade -- when the social network was rarely directly installed on phones. Hardware manufacturers used Facebook’s software tools to allow their own users to access contacts or post photos to their profiles, among other things, the company said in a blog post.

“There were no app stores at the time and this was the only way to make our product work on their devices. We tightly controlled these APIs from the get-go,” Ime Archibong, Facebook’s vice president of product partnerships, said in an interview. “These partners signed agreements that prevented people’s Facebook information from being used for any other purpose than to recreate Facebook-like experiences.”

Archibong said Facebook approved each of the experiences that were built, and that they worked differently to its public, platform APIs. The company has since terminated 22 partnerships with device makers, he added.

In an interview Monday, Andrea Jelinek, who’s in charge of policing the European Union’s data privacy law, said regulators on the continent intend to examine the reports.

Separately, Hamburg privacy regulator Johannes Caspar described the reports as “absolutely alarming.”

“It’s high time to stop any illegal practices of Facebook especially transferring user data to third parties," he said by email. “The sharing of highly sensitive data of non-consenting users with device manufacturers is an unprecedented violation of privacy laws and user trust. This is exactly one of the scenarios why GDPR was brought into force."

Facebook’s share price plunged 10 percent in March amid the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Since then, it’s not only recovered, but on Friday closed at a record $193.99. Shares of Facebook were down 1 percent as the market opened at 9:30 a.m. in New York Monday.

Facebook is retooling its approach amid a global consumer and regulatory backlash. Critics accuse its news feed algorithm of spreading misinformation and terrorism content among 2 billion-plus users. Lax policies around sharing data with third parties led to the leak of information to consultancy Cambridge Analytica, which worked on successful Republican campaigns, including that of President Donald Trump.

An app developer gave information on up to 87 million Facebook users to Cambridge Analytica mostly without their permission, setting off a scandal over data privacy when it was reported this year. That developer was able to make the deal with the firm because the data was stored on his servers. Facebook said that in the device partnerships described by the New York Times, personal data was mostly processed on users’ phones.

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Facebook however doesn’t view device makers as outsiders -- allowing them deeper access, the New York Times reported. It said it discovered some device partners could retrieve users’ relationship status, religion, political leanings and upcoming events, among other things.

“We’re not aware of any people’s information being misused by these companies,” Archibong said.

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