Revelers the world over, meanwhile, donned Santa's red caps for a shot of holiday cheer, running a city race in Skopje, North Macedonia, surfing the waves in Florida, jogging along muddy wooded paths on the outskirts of Paris, dipping in the sea near the port of Dover and soaking with a drink in hand in Lake Geneva.

Children around the globe tracked Santa, his reindeer and their present-laden sleigh with the help of noradsanta.org, a 3-D interactive website run annually by a joint US-Canadian military monitoring agency.

Having said earlier in the day that he was thinking of people "who are suffering from war; we are thinking of Palestine, of Israel, of Ukraine", the pope struck a somber tone during his Christmas Eve mass.

"Tonight, our hearts are in Bethlehem, where the Prince of Peace is once more rejected by the futile logic of war, by the clash of arms that even today prevents him from finding room in the world," the pope said.

Bethlehem, the biblical city in the occupied West Bank where Christians believe Jesus Christ was born in a manger more than 2000 years ago, effectively cancelled the annual Christmas celebrations that normally draw thousands of tourists.

The town did away with its giant Christmas tree, marching bands and flamboyant nativity scene this year, settling for just a few festive lights.

In the center of town, a huge Palestinian flag had been unfolded with a banner declaring that "The bells of Bethlehem ring for a ceasefire in Gaza".

"A lot of people are dying for this land," said Nicole Najjar, an 18-year-old student. "It's really hard to celebrate while our people are dying."

The Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, Pierbattista Pizzaballa, said: "We are here to pray and to ask not only for a ceasefire, a ceasefire is not enough, we have to stop these hostilities and to turn the page because violence generates only violence".

In Syria, churches limited celebrations to prayers in solidarity with the Palestinians.

The Hamas attack on Oct. 7 left around 1,140 people dead in Israel, most of them civilians, according to an AFP tally based on the latest official Israeli figures.

The Palestinian militants also abducted around 250 people, 129 of whom Israel says remain in Gaza.

Israel retaliated with a sustained bombardment and ground invasion of Gaza, where 20,424 people have been killed, mostly women and children, according to the latest toll from the territory's Hamas-run health ministry.

A message in support of Gaza is displayed on a building next to the square of the Church of the Nativity in the biblical city of Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank on Dec. 24, 2023, ahead of midnight mass. (AFP/Hazem Bader)

Ukraine, invaded by Russia nearly two years ago, is celebrating Christmas on Dec. 25 for the first time, jettisoning the traditional Orthodox date of Jan. 7, which is feted in Russia, as a snub to Moscow.

In the southern Black Sea port of Odesa, churchgoers prayed and lit candles as priests in gold vestments held Christmas Eve service in the Cathedral of the Nativity, decorated with fir trees and a nativity scene.

"We believe that we really should celebrate Christmas with the whole world, far away, far away from Moscow. For me that's the new message now," said one smiling parishioner, Olena, whose son is a medic on the front line.

The date change, moving away from the Julian calendar favored by the Orthodox Church, is part of moves since the invasion to remove traces of the Russian and Soviet empires.

In southern Turkey, much of which was devastated by an earthquake in February, some faithful celebrated mass in front of the ruins of their church at Antakya.

"It's important for us to celebrate the birth of Jesus. but it's a very sad Christmas," said Vehbi Tadrasgil, a 55-year-old who lost his wife and two of his three children in the quake that killed at least 50,000 people in Turkey and more than 5,000 in neighboring Syria.

"I hope that their souls are here, I am certain that our prayers rise to them," he said.

Twenty kilometers down the coast in Samandag, a generator powered the lights on a tree in front of the Saint-Ilyas church, which survived.

"After the earthquake, our community, 400 families, was annihilated. With this Christmas, we want to wish everyone rebirth, love, joy and peace. We must move forward, rebuild a new life," said Father Yumurta.

"They say that with the birth of the child Jesus, a new life begins, a new beginning. For us too, here, it will be a new beginning," he said.

There was little sign of Christmas cheer in Syria's cities, where main churches have limited celebrations to prayers in solidarity with Palestinians suffering war in Gaza.