This year is the hottest in history, with record-breaking temperatures in the atmosphere and oceans acting like fuel for extreme weather around the world.

World Weather Attribution (WWA), experts on how global warming influences extreme events, said nearly every disaster they analyzed over the past 12 months was intensified by climate change.

"The impacts of fossil fuel warming have never been clearer or more devastating than in 2024. We are living in a dangerous new era," said climate scientist Friederike Otto, who leads the WWA network.

Heat

That was tragically evident in June when more than 1,300 people died during the Muslim hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia where temperatures hit 51.8 degrees.

Extreme heat, which is sometimes dubbed the “silent killer”, also proved deadly in Thailand, India and the United States.

Conditions were so intense in Mexico that howler monkeys dropped dead from the trees, while Pakistan kept millions of children at home as the mercury inched above 50 degrees.

Greece recorded its earliest ever heatwave, forcing the closure of its famed Acropolis and fanning terrible wildfires at the outset of Europe's hottest summer yet.

Floods

Climate change isn't just sizzling temperatures; warmer oceans mean higher evaporation and warmer air absorbs more moisture, a volatile recipe for heavy rainfall.

In April, the United Arab Emirates received two years’ worth of rain in a single day, turning parts of the desert-state into a sea, and hobbling Dubai's international airport.

Kenya was barely out of a once-in-a-generation drought when the worst floods in decades delivered back-to-back disasters for the East African nation.

People wade through floodwaters after a tidal flood at Muara Angke in North Jakarta on Dec. 15, 2024. (AFP/Aditya Aji)

Four million people needed aid after historic flooding killed more than 1,500 people across West and Central Africa. Europe, most notably Spain, also suffered tremendous downpours that caused deadly flash flooding.

Afghanistan, Russia, Brazil, China, Nepal, Uganda, India, Somalia, Pakistan, Burundi and the United States were among other countries that witnessed flooding in 2024.

Cyclones

Warmer ocean surfaces feed energy into tropical cyclones as they barrel toward land, whipping up fierce winds and their destructive potential.

Major hurricanes pummeled the US and Caribbean, most notably Milton, Beryl and Helene, in a 2024 season of above-average storm activity.

The Philippines endured six major storms in November alone, just two months after suffering Typhoon Yagi as it tore through Southeast Asia.

In December, scientists said global warming had helped intensify Cyclone Chino to a category 4 storm as it collided head-on with Mayotte, devastating France's poorest overseas territory.

Droughts and wildfires

Some regions may be wetter as climate change shifts rainfall patterns, but others are becoming drier and more vulnerable to drought.

The Americas suffered severe drought in 2024 and wildfires torched millions of hectares in the western US, Canada and the Amazon basin, usually one of Earth's wettest places.

Between January and September, more than 400,000 fires were recorded across South America, shrouding the continent in choking smoke.

The World Food Programme in December said 26 million people across southern Africa were at risk of hunger as a months-long drought parched the impoverished region.

Economic toll

Extreme weather cost thousands of lives in 2024 and left countless more in desperate poverty. The lasting toll of such disasters is impossible to quantify.

In terms of economic losses, Zurich-based reinsurance giant Swiss Re estimated the global damage bill at US$310 billion, according to a statement issued in early December.

Lilian Copovi, president of the Cave Cooperative de Leucate, poses in a vineyard hit by the drought in Leucate, south-western France, on Sept. 23, 2024. The few scarlet, sun-reddened leaves on the anemic stumps of his vineyard are signs that push Nicolas Castan, a winegrower for three generations in Leucate, Aude, to perhaps stop his job after another drought-affected harvest. (AFP/Matthieu Rondel)

Flooding in Europe, particularly in the Spanish province of Valencia, where over 200 people died in October, and hurricanes Helene and Milton drove up the cost, the company said.

As of Nov. 1, the US had suffered 24 weather disasters in 2024 with losses exceeding US$1 billion each, government figures showed.

Drought in Brazil cost its farming sector $2.7 billion between June and August, while "climatic challenges" drove global wine production to its lowest level since 1961, an industry body said.