Mass protests, especially non-violent ones, may typically support and strengthen democracy by giving voice to the people, holding power accountable and driving necessary policy changes. However, mass protests can also be distorted or used as a pretext by authoritarian leaders to suppress dissent and undermine democratic institutions. The outcome will depend on the nature of the protest, whether violent or non-violent, and the responses of the authorities.

The current political crisis in Indonesia was sparked by something far more mundane and yet symbolically grotesque: an increase in housing allowances for members of the House of Representatives to Rp 50 million (US$3,045) per month. This policy was introduced amid worsening economic conditions, stagnant wages, the normalization of corruption cases and widespread public dissatisfaction with government services. To many, this was not just political negligence. It was a moral betrayal.

More importantly, the decision exacerbates social resentment driven by rising income inequality in the country. The total compensation received by House members, including base salary and allowances, is estimated to be about 30 to 50 times the average minimum wage, further highlighting the stark divide between political elites and ordinary citizens.

The widening income gap between state officials and the general public has become increasingly visible. The public is aware that lawmakers and government officials, especially those holding structural positions in the bureaucracy, are entitled to various additional benefits, including performance, housing and transportation allowances, and even official cars and drivers.

The World Bank highlights that Indonesia faces rapidly rising income inequality, with significant drivers including unequal access to quality education, a divided labor market with skilled workers benefiting disproportionately, and a lack of adequate social protection programs for the poor.

Unfortunately, efforts to reduce poverty and inequality, such as fiscal reforms and investments in social services, have had limited success, particularly in enhancing the effectiveness of social spending and increasing tax revenues to fund pro-poor policies.