The Wall Street Journal calls it the “new wonder fuel”.  The BBC refers to a hydrogen “tech revolution” and Forbes says it “may be the crucial ‘jigsaw’ piece for green microgrids.”  In short, hydrogen will be an option to mitigate CO2 emissions in the future.  So how can this potential be applied in the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN)?

ASEAN’s current power generation mix is dominated by coal, gas, and hydropower. However, solar and wind power comprise the most abundant energy resources in ASEAN but contribute negligent amounts (1.5 percent in 2015 and 2.4 percent in 2020) to the power mix. An optimistic outlook estimates that the shares of wind and solar power will increase by about 11 percent by 2040.

Many ASEAN grid operators hold misperceptions about renewable energy, although the production cost of RE such as solar and wind has dropped dramatically in recent years. Its share in the power generation mix remains small at 2.4 percent in 2020 (ERIA, 2019). The misperceptions about RE’s stem from its variable and intermittent nature, which adds higher costs to grid systems because it requires back-up capacity from conventional gas power plants (NREL, 2020). 

The ASEAN power grid is making slow progress and an integrated ASEAN power market may remain unrealized for several reasons including regulatory and technical harmonization issues between ASEAN power grids and utilities. Thus, scalable electricity production from wind and solar faces tremendous challenges due to current practices of system integration in ASEAN. Investors in solar or wind farms will face high risks from electricity curtailment if surplus electricity is not used.

Recently, many countries have developed technologies for battery storage (Lithium-ion batteries) to handle surplus electricity production from wind, solar, and hydropower but battery storage remains costly. However, hydrogen produced from electrolysis using surplus electricity (including surplus electricity from fossil fuels that apply carbon capture, utilization and storage or CCUS) has many advantages that complement battery storage, as hydrogen can be stored as liquid gas which is suitable for uses in many sectors and is easy to transport. 

And the transport issue is critical in ASEAN as many renewable resources are far from demand-centers and therefore difficult to produce cost-efficiently. In many cases their development requires large investment of undersea transmission cables to transport electricity. 

For example, the potential for hydropower in Sarawak, Malaysia and Papua, Indonesia is high. But electricity demand in those areas is not significant, therefore these resources cannot be fully tapped for uses as they are far from demand center. The same is true for low-ranked coal and hydropower in isolated places in Indonesia and many other island countries. In contrast, hydrogen development has the great advantage of turning these resources into hydrogen that can be easily shipped to demand-centers for use in many sectors.

Hydrogen is a potential game changer in efforts to decarbonize global emissions in all sectors. Other RE sources can be fully developed once hydrogen has been widely adopted. The more electricity produced from wind and solar, the higher the penetration of renewables into the grid which will create surplus power during low demand periods. This surplus can be used for hydrogen production.

However, hydrogen production is not free from challenges.

Although hydrogen itself is clean fuel, hydrogen production can be an issue. Almost 95 percent of current hydrogen production is from natural gas which leaves a carbon footprint. The gasification of coal can also be used to produce hydrogen, but in terms of carbon footprint, coal gasification emits roughly four times more CO2 per kg of hydrogen compared with using natural gas feedstock.

The ideal hydrogen is “green hydrogen” which uses renewable resources in the form of electricity which is created through a process known as “electrolysis”. This green hydrogen enables increasing the share of intermittent renewable energy such as wind and solar into the power mix, and it allows for accelerating the use of other renewable energy such as geothermal, hydropower, biomass and nuclear combined with wind and solar as hybrid energy systems.

The cost competitiveness of producing green hydrogen is key for the wide adoption of hydrogen in the foreseeable future. Currently green hydrogen production costs are still extremely high, but have dropped dramatically from US$10-15/kg in 2010 to $4-6/kg in 2020 (IRENA, 2019) and are expected to fall even further to $2-2.6/kg in 2030 which is competitive with standard hydrogen production.

The upfront costs of green hydrogen, including electrolyzers, transport infrastructure and storage, plus the varying costs of electricity tariffs, are key factors contributing to the high production cost of green hydrogen. Technically, if renewable hydrogen production only uses curtailed electricity from wind and solar, the operating load factor of electrolyzer is likely very low as 10 percent or less which is the major contributing cost of producing hydrogen.

Based on research conducted by the Hydrogen Council (2020), electrolyzers need to run at a load factor of at least 30 percent or more, in order to make the cost of hydrogen competitive. To produce renewable/green hydrogen requires electricity from renewables. By creating this demand, the presence of green hydrogen is an enabler for increasing the renewable energy production in general.

Since hydrogen is a clean energy carrier and can be stored and transported for uses in many sectors, hydrogen development is an ideal pathway to sustainable clean energy systems in ASEAN as well as the rest of the world, and its presence is an enabler for scalable RE such as solar and wind.

However, hydrogen supply costs are not competitive yet. Therefore, the leaders around the world will need to provide clear policies for promoting hydrogen development and adoption. The right policies will enable economies of scale for hydrogen production that is cost competitive so that investors will be more interested in electrolyzer manufacturing, improvements in electrolysis efficiency, operations and maintenance, and the use of low-cost renewable power.

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Senior energy economist at the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)

The views expressed are his own. 

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