TheJakartaPost
Please Update your browser
Your browser is out of date, and may not be compatible with our website. A list of the most popular web browsers can be found below.
Just click on the icons to get to the download page.
The immense cost of climate policy
The only reliable ways to cut emissions have been recessions and the COVID-19 lockdowns, both of which are unpalatable.
Change Size
Swedish climate change activist Greta Thunberg holds a sign reading 'School strike for climate' as she protests in front of the Swedish Parliament in Stockholm, Sweden, on September 25, 2020. (TT News Agency/via REUTERS/Janerik Henriksson )
A
cross the world, politicians are going out of their way to promise fantastically expensive climate policies. United States President Joe Biden has promised to spend US$500 billion each year on climate — about 13 percent of the entire federal revenue. The European Union will spend 25 percent of its budget on climate.
Most rich countries now promise to go carbon neutral by mid-century. Shockingly, only one country has made a serious, independent estimate of the cost: New Zealand found it would optimistically cost 16 percent of its gross domestic product by then, equivalent to the entire current New Zealand budget. The equivalent cost for the EU and the US would be more than $5 trillion. Each and every year. That is more than the entire US federal budget, or more than EU governments spend across all budgets for education, recreation, housing, environment, economic affairs, police, courts, defense and health.
We are incessantly being told that renewables are ever cheaper and that a transition to green energy will make us richer. Yet, this facile argument is belied by reality. Solar panels in some places make cheaper electricity at noon, but at night the cost is infinite. That is why across Europe, the higher the share of wind and solar, the higher the household cost of electricity. German consumers had to pay 31 billion euros last year to support supposedly cheaper green energy. The United Nations Climate Panel found that of 128 analyzed climate policies all made us poorer.
Tellingly, European Commission Vice President Frans Timmermans recently admitted that climate policies would be so costly that it would be a “matter of survival for our industry” without huge, protective border taxes.
Climate change is a real, man-made problem. But its impacts are much lower than breathless climate reporting would suggest. The UN Climate Panel finds that if we do nothing, the total impact of climate in the 2070s will be equivalent to reducing incomes by 0.2-2 percent. Given that by then each person is expected to be 363 percent as rich as today, climate change means we will ‘only’ be 356 percent as rich. A problem, yes, but hardly the end of the world.
Climate policies could end up hurting much more by dramatically cutting growth. Comprehensive studies show that for rich countries, lower growth means higher risks of protests and political breakdown. This isn't surprising. If you live in a burgeoning economy, you know that you and your children will be much better off in the coming years.
Hence, you are more forgiving of the present. If growth is almost absent, the world turns to a zero-sum experience. Better conditions for others likely mean worse conditions for you, resulting in a loss of social cohesion and trust in a worthwhile future. The yellow-vest protests against eco-taxes that have rankled France since 2018 could become a permanent feature of many or most rich societies.
Yet, politicians focus on ever stronger climate policies that lower and potentially eradicate growth over the coming decades. This would delight a few job-secure academics that from comfortable ivory towers advocate degrowth for climate, but it would lead to tragic outcomes of stagnation, strife and discord for ordinary people.
Most voters are not willing to pay for these extravagant climate policies. While Biden proposes spending the equivalent of $1,500 per American per year, a recent Washington Post survey showed that more than half the population was unwilling to pay even $24.
Moreover, these policies have little impact. If all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries were to cut their carbon emissions to zero tomorrow and for the rest of the century, the lack of energy would devastate societies. Yet, run on the standard UN climate model, the effort would make an almost unnoticeable reduction in temperatures of 0.4 degree Celsius by 2100.
This is because more than three-quarters of the global emissions in the rest of this century will come from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These nations are determined to lift their populations out of poverty and ensure broad development using plentiful energy, mostly from cheap fossil fuels.
The last 30 years of climate policy have delivered high costs and rising emissions. The only reliable ways to cut emissions have been recessions and the COVID-19 lockdowns, both of which are unpalatable. Expecting nations to stop using cheap energy won’t succeed. We need innovation.
Take the terrible air pollution in Los Angeles in the 1950s. It wasn’t fixed by naïvely asking people to stop driving cars. Instead, it was fixed through innovation — the catalytic converter allowed people to drive further yet pollute little. We need to invest in research and development to make green energy much cheaper — from better solar, wind and batteries, to cheaper fission, fusion, and carbon capture.
Spending trillions on enormous and premature emissions cuts is an unsustainable and ineffective Western world approach. Instead, we should spend tens of billions to innovate the price of green energy below fossil fuels. That is much more effective, realistic and will make everyone switch.
***
The writer is president of the Copenhagen Consensus, visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, and the author of, most recently, False Alarm: How Climate Change Panic Costs Us Trillions, Hurts the Poor, and Fails to Fix the Planet.
