"We are following closely the spate of violence in Indonesia in the context of nationwide protests over parliamentary allowances, austerity measures, and alleged use of unnecessary or disproportionate force by security forces," said UN human rights office spokeswoman Ravina Shamdasani.

"We stress the importance of dialogue to address the public's concerns," she said in a statement.

The UN rights office is calling for prompt, thorough and transparent investigations into "all alleged violations of international human rights law, including with respect to use of force", she said.

The spokeswoman said all security forces, including the military when deployed in a law enforcement capacity, must comply with the basic principles on the use of force and firearms by police.

"The authorities must uphold the rights to peaceful assembly and freedom of expression while maintaining order, in line with international norms and standards, in relation to the policing of public assemblies," said Shamdasani.

She also stressed the importance of the media being allowed to report on events freely and independently.

Demonstrations began peacefully, but turned violent against the nation's elite paramilitary police unit after footage showed one of its teams running over a delivery driver late Thursday.

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Protests have since spread from Jakarta to other major cities, in the worst unrest since President Prabowo Subianto took power less than a year ago.

On Monday, hundreds of students gathered in major cities, defying fears of a crackdown on protests after deadly riots on the weekend left eight dead in the worst violence in the Southeast Asian nation in over two decades. 

Protests began a week ago against the government's spending priorities, such as enhanced perks for lawmakers, and escalated into rioting and looting after a police vehicle hit and killed a motorcycle taxi driver. 

The homes of political party members, including the finance minister, were looted and state buildings ransacked or set ablaze, in the biggest challenge to President Prabowo Subianto's government since he took office nearly a year ago. 

On Sunday, Prabowo announced a cut in lawmakers' perks - a major concession to protesters - but warned that security forces would act firmly to control law and order. The heavy presence of military-led security led some organisers to postpone gatherings in Jakarta.

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