"Canada was taking advantage of us, as usual," Trump said in a speech at a Whirlpool washing machine factory in Clyde, Ohio.

"I signed a proclamation that defends American industry by reimposing aluminum tariffs on Canada," he said.

Trump had exempted Canadian products from the tariffs as part of the USMCA free trade deal with Mexico and the United States, on condition that they "not flood our country with exports and kill all of our aluminum jobs."

"Canadian aluminum producers have broken that commitment," he said.

In Ottawa, Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland called the tariffs "unwarranted and unacceptable" and vowed to "swiftly impose dollar-for-dollar countermeasures."

"In the time of a global pandemic and an economic crisis, the last thing Canadian and American workers need is new tariffs that will raise costs for manufacturers and consumers, impede the free flow of trade, and hurt provincial and state economies," she said.

The tariffs, which take effect August 16, are in response to what Washington called a 27 percent "surge" in aluminum imports from Canada over the past year which "threatens to harm domestic aluminum production."

"I have determined that the measures agreed upon with Canada are not providing an effective alternative means to address the threatened impairment to our national security from imports of aluminum from Canada," Trump said in his proclamation.

Ottawa has long rejected the national security concerns coming from a close ally – the two nations have been joined in a free trade area since 1994. 

The new USMCA pact came into force on July 1.

Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau declined to travel to Washington to join in the USMCA launch ceremony early last month, after Trump floated the idea of again hitting the country with the tariffs.

The US National Foreign Trade Council said the "misguided" tariffs undermine USMCA, and urged Trump to reconsider them, warning of increased costs to American companies and consumers.

"It was taken without meaningful justification or investigation and will undoubtedly hurt more US manufacturers than it helps, especially in the middle of an economic downturn," said its president Rufus Yerxa.

Auto parts manufacturers said they would be particularly hit hard by increased aluminum costs. 

The tariffs, said the Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association, "will place greater financial hardship on US vehicle parts manufacturers at a time when the industry is trying to recover from plant shutdowns and a declining economy."

The Canadian industry, meanwhile, disputed the US data, and urged swift and strong retaliation.

"There is no surge for 2020 over 2019," said Aluminium Association of Canada President Jean Simard, calling on Ottawa to consider "all options for retaliation."

"Prime Minister Trudeau must respond with severe countermeasures," echoed Jery Dias, head of Unifor, Canada's largest public sector union.

Trump first imposed punitive tariffs on imports of Canadian aluminum and steel in June 2018, in the midst of negotiating the USMCA.

Ottawa hit back at the time with tariffs on American aluminum and steel, as well as whiskey, ketchup, orange juice, lawn mowers, sailboats and more.

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