China's K-shaped economy was clearly illustrated by its third-quarter GDP figures. Exceptional export growth, driven by global AI spending and clean energy investment, helped GDP growth hit 4.5 percent year-on-year. While retail sales rose slightly, the increase came from a low base, and the multi-year housing slump continued to weigh on the domestic economy.

The housing slump partly explains the consumption woes. With residential property accounting for about 70 percent of Chinese household assets on average, dwindling home prices since 2021 have eroded household wealth and constrained consumption.

Meanwhile, increasing job insecurity appears to be driving up precautionary savings. The official urban unemployment rate has held around 5 percent over the past three years, but youth unemployment has hovered between 14 percent and 19 percent, underscoring the obstacles to creating new jobs. A 2024 survey by the People’s Bank of China attributed the country’s rising savings rate to the weak job market.

This divergent growth pattern reflects Beijing's policy choices. Technological self-sufficiency has long been China's stated long-term strategic goal. China's “New Quality Productive Forces” growth model, articulated in late 2023, called for generous investment in digitalization, networking, biotechnology and AI.

In March, the 15th Five-Year Plan reinforced this model, elevating six emerging industries — AI and robotics, semiconductors, advanced mobile communications, quantum technologies, biotechnology and drones and air taxis — as pillars of future growth.

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There may be merits to this strategy given the tech arms race with the United States, but it appears to come at the expense of domestic consumption, as it generates negative wealth effects, limits the resources available for social safety nets and reduces support for labor-intensive industries.

For example, since 2020, Beijing has shifted policy to divert capital away from real estate and toward advanced manufacturing and green energy.

In this period, outstanding bank loans to the property sector have flattened, while those to manufacturing and green technology have grown at annual rates of 10-15 percent and 20-40 percent, respectively. This, in turn, has inhibited the recovery in the property sector, which has weighed on domestic consumption.

While generous investments in advanced manufacturing and green technology may boost GDP growth, they have not alleviated the country's unemployment problem. As the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned, the shift toward sectors like electric vehicles reshapes employment toward capital-intensive, highly automated production rather than broad job creation.

Moreover, regulatory crackdowns have negatively impacted white-collar work: research on China's private education ban shows it wiped out 3 million jobs alone, alongside massive layoffs at internet platforms and developers.

Even though Beijing’s focus on advanced manufacturing, AI, clean energy and other industries of the future makes strategic sense on the global stage — and may be the envy of the US and the European Union — at home, these priorities have left Chinese consumers facing a host of economic headwinds.

The combination of breathtaking expansion in manufacturing capacity and weak domestic demand has led to overcapacity in many sectors, much of which has been exported — a charge frequently leveled by the US and the EU.

This overcapacity has driven a destructive race for domestic market share, crushing prices and margins across EVs, solar panels, batteries and e-commerce. So far, Beijing's plans to combat this "involution" have met with limited success.

Meanwhile, major trading partners, including the EU, are beginning to erect trade barriers, narrowing the scope for export-led growth. This highlights the risks China could face if it fails to revive household consumption.

China has periodically attempted to boost domestic demand. A coordinated monetary and fiscal package in September 2024 included sharp cuts to banks' reserve requirement ratios and benchmark policy rates, as well as relaxed home-purchase restrictions. The central government also embarked on local-government debt resolution and support for low-income households.

In contrast, a new set of measures announced last month was much less ambitious, focusing on capital injections into state-owned banks and insurance companies as well as consumer credit subsidies.

Chinese policymakers have also been reluctant to commit to concrete consumption targets. Several government advisers recommended that the upcoming 15th Five-Year Plan include a target to raise household consumption from 40 percent of GDP to 50 percent over the next two five-year cycles, but that recommendation went unheeded.

The lighter fiscal touch is not surprising given growing debt constraints. China's total government debt, including central, local and off-balance-sheet government financing vehicles, has risen from 80 percent of GDP in 2019 to 127 percent in 2025, according to the IMF.

Additionally, rebalancing the economy would require more than fiscal and monetary support.

The IMF has suggested reallocating public resources from production to households, enhancing social safety nets for healthcare, unemployment and pensions and relaxing the household registration system, or hukou, to grant urban status to 200 million rural migrant workers.

But such recommendations have received a lukewarm response. While some officials in Beijing have indicated that the country should rebalance away from exports and toward consumption, doing so would likely mean slower growth in the short term and could require adjustments that would be painful to certain segments of the economy.

Ultimately, China's economic rebalancing faces a deep structural impasse. Whether it can overcome it may be the key question for the global economy in the next decade.

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The writer is founder and chief executive officer of Emmer Capital Partners Limited. The views expressed are personal.

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